A) There are far more obligate aerobes in any environment, so it is much easier to study them.
B) It is difficult to provide the right atmospheric environment to cultivate obligate anaerobes, so it's been harder to study them.
C) Only obligate aerobes cause disease, so we have had little reason to study obligate anaerobes.
D) The majority of obligate anaerobes are very nutritionally fastidious, which makes it difficult to study them.
E) It is difficult to provide the right temperature to cultivate obligate anaerobes, so it's been harder to study them.
G) A) and D)
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A) hot springs.
B) plants.
C) mammals.
D) arthropods.
E) marine water.
G) C) and E)
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A) The bacteria in the intestines are protected from exposure to the oxygen in the tissues by the lining of the intestines.
B) The bacteria consume all the oxygen in the tissue areas brought by the blood vessels, creating an anaerobic environment.
C) The inside space of the intestines is highly anaerobic. It is deep inside the body where oxygen cannot reach and it is not supplied with blood.
D) The aerobic microbes are outcompeted for nutrients in these areas by the anaerobic microbes.
E) The inside space of the intestines is highly anaerobic. It is deep inside the body where carbon dioxide accumulates.
G) B) and E)
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A) are a form of algae.
B) are prokaryotes.
C) use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source.
D) are eukaryotes.
E) contribute to global CO2 buildup.
G) C) and D)
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A) to prevent your patient from developing antibiotic resistance.
B) because H. pylori makes endospores and is very resistant.
C) because viruses are always treated with two different antibiotics.
D) because H. pylori forms cysts that are difficult to destroy.
E) to prevent the H. pylori from developing antibiotic resistance.
G) C) and D)
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A) Hydrogen gas is their energy source, and carbon dioxide is their terminal electron acceptor.
B) Hydrogen gas is their terminal electron acceptor, and carbon dioxide is their energy source.
C) Hydrogen gas is their energy source, and carbon dioxide is their carbohydrate source.
D) Hydrogen gas is their initial electron acceptor, and carbon dioxide is their energy source.
E) They use hydrogen gas in respiration, and they use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
G) B) and E)
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A) Tetanus
B) Botulism
C) Strep throat
D) Gas gangrene
E) Antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease
G) B) and C)
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A) contain the Ti plasmid that modifies the growth of plant tissue.
B) produce antibiotics.
C) infect animal cells.
D) resemble fungus.
E) are a group of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that often fix nitrogen.
G) A) and C)
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A) No. The coliforms in our intestines are usually harmful, causing intestinal infections. We need to constantly be on guard against this happening. Coliforms in water might add to this potential problem.
B) No. Not all coliforms are harmless to humans. It's best to keep coliforms OUT of our drinking water, since it's difficult to identify which ones might be harmless and which ones might be harmful.
C) No. Multiple types of coliforms in water might lead to greater antibiotic resistance in other aquatic bacteria, creating an environmental problem.
D) Yes. Regulatory agencies that monitor coliform levels in water simply need something to do to justify their existence. There is no real danger from coliforms in water supplies.
E) No. Clean water should not have any bacteria in it at all, so if any are present, they automatically pose a health risk to anyone swimming in or drinking that water.
G) A) and E)
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B) False
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A) is catalyzed by luciferase.
B) may be controlled by quorum sensing.
C) may be produced by bacteria.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices is correct.
G) A) and D)
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A) are part of the domain Archaea AND appear only in aerobic environments.
B) oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane AND appear only in aerobic environments.
C) use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor AND appear only in aerobic environments.
D) use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor AND oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane.
E) are part of the domain Archaea AND oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane.
G) A) and C)
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A) are found in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria AND produce catalase.
B) are found in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria AND are used to protect nitrogenase.
C) are used to protect nitrogenase AND generate oxygen.
D) produce catalase AND are found in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
E) are found in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria AND generate oxygen.
G) D) and E)
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A) They lack peptidoglycan.
B) They are the smallest free-living organisms.
C) They have sterols in their membranes.
D) They are killed by penicillin.
E) They are pleomorphic.
G) None of the above
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A) purple sulfur bacteria.
B) green non-sulfur bacteria.
C) purple non-sulfur bacteria.
D) cyanobacteria.
E) cyanoarchaea.
G) B) and C)
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A) produce oxygen.
B) use water as a source of electrons.
C) use hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds as a source of electrons.
D) use the same form of chlorophyll found in terrestrial plants.
E) produce oxygen AND use the same form of chlorophyll found in terrestrial plants.
G) A) and C)
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A) resemble fungi in their pattern of growth AND produce a number of antibiotics.
B) resemble fungi in their pattern of growth AND produce a characteristic blue-green pigment.
C) produce a number of antibiotics AND form endospores.
D) produce a characteristic blue-green pigment AND form endospores.
E) form endospores AND resemble fungi in their pattern of growth.
G) B) and D)
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A) obligate aerobes.
B) facultative anaerobes.
C) obligate anaerobes.
D) facultative aerobes.
E) thermophiles.
G) A) and C)
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A) purple sulfur bacteria.
B) Enterobacteriaceae.
C) sheathed bacteria.
D) green non-sulfur bacteria.
E) prosthecate bacteria.
G) None of the above
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A) Chemotrophs-organisms that obtain energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
B) Chemolithotrophs-organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals.
C) Anoxygenic phototrophs-photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2.
D) Nitrifiers-Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds.
E) Mycobacteria-Gram-negative bacteria that group together to form complex fruiting bodies.
G) A) and E)
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