A) annexation would dishonor and destroy American's historic Constitutional commitments to self-determination and anti-colonialism.
B) the maintenance of despotism abroad could beget despotism at home.
C) imperialism was very costly and unlikely ever to be profitable.
D) annexation would have United States become mired and bogged down in the political and military morass of East Asia.
E) Filipinos were intellectual, cultural, and political equals of Americans.
G) A) and C)
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A) threatened war with Britain and asserted its domination of Latin America.
B) failed to invoke the Monroe Doctrine.
C) consistently sought a peaceful negotiated settlement.
D) asserted its strong belief in Latin American independence.
E) was only "twisting the [British] lion's tail" for domestic political effect.
G) B) and D)
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A) he thought the annexation of Hawaii would drain the U.S.Treasury because the island was weak economically.
B) the United States did not have the naval power to protect the islands against Japanese or German threats.
C) he believed that the native Hawaiians had been wronged and that a majority of Hawaiians opposed annexation to the United States.
D) passage of the McKinley Tariff made Hawaiian sugar unprofitable.
E) the United States would soon have to establish military bases in Hawaii.
G) A) and C)
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A) to enhance his international stature as a key world leader.
B) as a way of enhancing America's position in East Asia.
C) when Russia asked for his assistance.
D) because he feared that the British might intervene and thus gain prestige.
E) when Japan secretly asked him to help mediate a peace settlement with the Russians.
G) B) and E)
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A) the need to defend these nations against German or British economic influence and interference with American plans.
B) the American desire to expand the colonial holdings and expand U.S.economic influence in Latin America.
C) the fact that they were chronically in debt.
D) the desire to control the flow of Latin American immigrants into the United States.
E) a desire to strengthen Latin American democracy.
G) A) and C)
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A) his progressivism balanced McKinley's conservatism.
B) New York party bosses wanted him out of the New York governorship.
C) his presence on the ticket would appeal to western voters.
D) the New York party bosses wanted to groom Roosevelt for the presidency.
E) his personal warmth balanced McKinley's aloofness.
G) A) and D)
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A) A conflict with Germany over the Samoan islands
B) A near-war with Italy over the lynching of Italians in New Orleans
C) The Valparaiso crisis with Chile over the killing of two American sailors
D) A conflict with Japan over naval refueling rights at Midway Islands
E) A conflict with Canada over seal hunting near the Pribilof Islands
G) A) and D)
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Elihu Root (1845–1937) was an American lawyer and statesman who played a significant role in shaping U.S. foreign policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He served as the Secretary of War under President William McKinley and President Theodore Roosevelt from 1899 to 1904, and then as Secretary of State under President Roosevelt from 1905 to 1909. Root's contributions to American politics and international diplomacy were profound, and his historical significance can be outlined in several key areas:
1. **Modernization of the U.S. Army**: As Secretary of War, Root was instrumental in modernizing and reforming the United States Army. He established the Army War College for the advanced training of officers, reorganized the departmental structure of the War Office, and expanded the General Staff. These reforms were crucial in transforming the U.S. military into a more effective and professional fighting force.
2. **U.S. Colonial Administration**: Root played a pivotal role in the administration of the territories acquired by the United States following the Spanish-American War, including Puerto Rico and the Philippines. He helped establish civil governments in these territories, moving away from military rule and promoting the development of infrastructure and legal systems.
3. **Root-Takahira Agreement**: As Secretary of State, Root negotiated the Root-Takahira Agreement with Japan in 1908, which acknowledged Japan's interests in Manchuria and Korea and upheld the principle of free commerce in China, as part of the Open Door Policy. This agreement helped maintain peace between the United States and Japan for several years.
4. **Promotion of International Law and Arbitration**: Root was a strong advocate for the development of international law and the use of arbitration to settle international disputes peacefully. He supported the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague and was a key figure in the organization of the Second Hague Conference in 1907.
5. **Nobel Peace Prize**: In recognition of his efforts to promote international peace and arbitration, Root was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912.
6. **Influence on American Foreign Policy**: Root's ideas and policies laid the groundwork for the United States' approach to international relations in the 20th century. He was a proponent of a balance between realism and idealism in foreign policy, advocating for the protection of U.S. interests while also supporting the development of international institutions and laws.
7. **Legal and Political Legacy**: Beyond his roles in government, Root had a distinguished legal career and was a senior partner at the law firm Root & Clark. He also served as president of the American Bar Association and was a member of the U.S. Senate from New York from 1909 to 1915.
Elihu Root's legacy is that of a statesman who was deeply involved in the transformation of American foreign policy during a pivotal era. His work helped to establish the United States as a significant player on the world stage and laid the foundations for its future role as a global power.
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A) Hawaii was annexed by the United States as a key territory in the Pacific.
B) America granted the Philippines its independence.
C) many anti-imperialists admitted that their opposition to the Spanish-American War had been a mistake.
D) Filipinos were granted American citizenship.
E) they did so without Filipino assistance.
G) B) and D)
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A) President Harrison's term expired and the less imperialist Grover Cleveland became president.
B) war broke out between the United States and Great Britain.
C) the white American sugar rebels decided that Hawaii should remain independent.
D) popular opinion in the United States turned against such colonial ventures.
E) the pro-annexation forces demanded that Hawaii be admitted to the Union as a state.
G) A) and D)
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A
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A) was motivated by naive democratic idealism.
B) was necessary to maintain an international balance of power.
C) was designed to create an informal empire that would guarantee American economic dominance of foreign markets and investments.
D) sought to build a colonial political empire.
E) was motivated by racist "civilizing" to conquer and Christianize "primitive" blacks, Indians, and Latin American Spanish populations.
G) A) and C)
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A) that growing tensions with Germany made Britain reluctant to engage in conflict with the United States.
B) that they expected the Monroe Doctrine to be ruled invalid.
C) that they did not want to become involved in a dangerous war in South America.
D) the fear that Britain would lose a shooting war with Venezuela.
E) that they accepted America's complete domination of Latin America.
G) C) and E)
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